Palestinian militant groups refer to the conflict as the "battle of al-Aqsa Flood" (Arabic: معركة طوفان الأقصى), in reference to Operation al-Aqsa Flood.[70][71] The government of Israel referred to it as the "Iron Swords war" (Hebrew: מלחמת חרבות ברזל)[72][j] until October 2025, when it began using "War of Redemption".[75][76] Within Israel, it is popularly referred to as the "October 7 war".[77] It has also been referred to as the "Simchat Torah war" because Hamas's attack began on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah.[78] Media outlets have variably described it as the "Israel–Hamas war",[79] "war on Gaza",[80] "October 7 war",[81][82] and the "second Nakba".[83][84]
Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been governed by Hamas, an Islamist militant group, while the West Bank remained under the control of the Palestinian Authority. After Hamas's takeover, Israel imposed a blockade[94][95] that significantly damaged Gaza's economy.[96] Israel justified the blockade by citing security concerns,[97] but international rights groups have characterized it as collective punishment.[98][99][100] By 2023, UNRWA reported that 81% of people were living below the poverty level, with 63% being food insecure and dependent on international assistance.[86][101]
At the time of the attack, Israel and Saudi Arabia were conducting negotiations to normalize relations.[125] Hamas leaders such as Ismail Haniyeh cited disrupting this "normalization train" as a motive for the October 7 attacks.[126]
On the morning of 7 October 2023,[127] during the Jewish holidays of Simchat Torah and Shemini Atzeret on Shabbat,[128] Hamas announced the start of "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", firing between 3,000 and 5,000 rockets from the Gaza Strip into Israel within a span of 20 minutes, killing at least five people.[129][130][131] In the evening, Hamas launched another barrage of 150 rockets.[130] Simultaneously, around 3,000 Hamas militants[24] infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and paragliders.[132][127][133] They took over checkpoints at Kerem Shalom and Erez, and created openings in the border fence in five other places.[134]
The attack was a complete surprise to the Israeli citizens.[147] The 7 October attacks were described as "an intelligence failure for the ages"[148] and a "failure of imagination" on the part of the Israeli government.[149] It later emerged that abnormal Hamas movements had been detected the previous day by Israeli intelligence, but the military's alert level was not raised and political leaders were not informed.[150]
The Economist noted that "the assault dwarf[ed] all other mass murders of Israeli civilians", and that "the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was during the Holocaust."[136] According to both Hamas officials and external observers, the attack was a calculated effort to create a "permanent" state of war and revive the Palestinian cause.[151][152]
Initial Israeli counter-operation (October 2023)
Clockwise from top:
Palestinian infant receiving treatment following an Israeli airstrike in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip
A Palestinian refugee carries his injured grandchildren during the Israeli bombing of the Nuseirat refugee camp
Building in the Gaza Strip being destroyed by Israeli missiles
Damage following an Israeli airstrike on the El-Remal area in Gaza City on October 2023
Injured Palestinians including children receive treatment at Al-Aqsa Hospital following an Israeli airstrike on the Nuseirat refugee camp
The IDF began Israel's counter-attack several hours after the Hamas-led invasion.[153] The first helicopters sent to support the military reached the Israeli areas surrounding the Gaza Strip an hour after the fighting began.[139] Their crews encountered difficulties in determining which places were occupied by invading militants, and distinguishing between Israeli civilians, IDF soldiers, and Palestinian militants on the ground.[139] A June 2024 UN report[154][155] and a July 2024 Haaretz investigation revealed that the IDF ordered the Hannibal Directive to be used, killing an unknown number of Israeli civilians and soldiers.[156][157][158]
In a televised broadcast, Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel, announced that the country was at war.[133] He threatened to "turn all the places where Hamas is organized and hiding into cities of ruins", called Gaza "the city of evil", and urged its residents to leave.[159][111] Overnight, Israel's Security Cabinet voted to act to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad".[160] The Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies 80% of Gaza's electricity, cut off power to the area.[161] The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",[130] mobilized tens of thousands of army reservists,[127][161] and declared a state of emergency for areas within 80 kilometers (50 mi) of Gaza.[162] While Ben Gurion Airport and Ramon Airport remained operational, multiple airlines cancelled flights.[163] On 9 or 10 October, Hamas offered to release all civilian hostages held in Gaza if Israel would call off its planned invasion of the Gaza Strip, but the Israeli government rejected the offer.[164]
Clockwise from top:
Doctors treat a Palestinian injured by an Israeli airstrike in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip
Injured Palestinian children receiving treatment
A newborn baby killed as a result of an Israeli airstrike
People fleeing following an Israeli airstrike on a house in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip
Video interviews conducted with several survivors of Israeli airstrikes in October 2023
Following the surprise attack, the Israeli Air Force conducted airstrikes that they said targeted Hamas targets,[130][162][165] employing its artificial intelligenceHabsora ("The Gospel") software.[166][167] These airstrikes killed, on average, 350 persons per day during the first 20 days.[168] Israel rescued two hostages before declaring a state of war for the first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[169][170] On 9 October, Defense Minister Gallant announced a "complete siege" of the Gaza Strip, cutting off electricity and blocking the entry of food and fuel.[171] Gallant backed down under pressure from US President Joe Biden, and a deal was struck ten days later to allow aid into Gaza.[172] The first such aid convoy entered Gaza on 21 October,[173] while fuel did not arrive until November.[174]
On 13 October, the IDF ordered all civilians in Gaza City to evacuate to areas south of the Wadi Gaza[175] within 24 hours. The Hamas Authority for Refugee Affairs told residents in northern Gaza to defy those orders.[176] The Israeli order was widely condemned as "outrageous" and "impossible", and calls were made for it to be reversed.[177] As a part of the order, the IDF outlined a six-hour window on 13 October for refugees to flee south along specified routes.[178]An explosion along one of the safe routes killed 70 Palestinians. Israel and Hamas blamed each other for the attack.[179] The IDF said Hamas set up roadblocks to keep Gaza residents from evacuating.[180] Israeli officials, foreign governments and intergovernmental organizations condemned Hamas's alleged use of hospitals and civilians as human shields, which Hamas contested.[181][182]
On 17 October, Israel bombed areas of southern Gaza.[183] Late in the evening, an explosion occurred in the parking lot of the Al-Ahli Arabi Baptist Hospital in the center of Gaza City, killing hundreds. The ongoing conflict prevented independent on-site analysis.[184] Palestinian statements that it was an Israeli airstrike were denied by the IDF, which stated that the explosion resulted from a failed rocket launch by Palestinian Islamic Jihad,[185] who denied any involvement.[186]
Initial invasion and first ceasefire (October–November 2023)
Israeli military during ground operations in Gaza
On 27 October, after building up an invasion force of over 100,000 soldiers, the IDF launched a large-scale ground incursion into parts of northern Gaza.[187][188] Israeli airstrikes targeted the area around al-Quds hospital,[189] where around 14,000 civilians were believed to be sheltering.[189] The following day, the IDF struck Jabalia refugee camp, killing 50 and wounding 150 Palestinians. Israel said the attack killed a senior Hamas commander, whose presence Hamas denied, and dozens of militants.[190][191][192] The attack resulted in several ambassador recalls.[193][194][195]
On 31 October, Israel bombed a six-story apartment building in central Gaza, killing at least 106 civilians including 54 children in what Human Rights Watch called an "apparent war crime".[196] On 1 November, the first group of evacuees left Gaza for Egypt. Five hundred evacuees, comprising critically wounded and foreign nationals, were evacuated over several days.[197] On 22 November, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day pause[198] in hostilities, the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza,[198][199] and the release of approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by Israel.[199]
13-year old Israeli hostage released by Hamas during the first ceasefire, 26 November 2023
Following the introduction of a Qatari-brokered truce on 24 November 2023, active fighting in Gaza ceased. Hamas exchanged some hostages for Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.[200] Israel arrested almost as many Palestinians as it released during the truce.[201] Prisoner exchanges continued until 28 November, when both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce.[202][203] On 30 November, in a "last-minute agreement", Hamas released eight hostages in exchange for the release of 30 imprisoned Palestinians and a one-day truce extension.[204] The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas blamed each other for failing to agree on an extension.[205]
Resumption of hostilities (December 2023 – January 2024)
Israel adopted a grid system to order precise evacuations within Gaza. It was criticized as confusing and inaccessible, due to the lack of electricity and internet connectivity in Gaza. Some evacuation instructions were vague or contradictory,[206][207] and Israel sometimes struck areas it had told people to evacuate to.[208][209][210] Law experts called these warnings ineffective.[211] Amnesty International found no evidence of Hamas targets at the sites of some strikes, and requested that they be investigated as possible war crimes.[212] On 6 December, Refaat Alareer, a prominent writer in Gaza, was killed by an Israeli airstrike,[213] after which his poem "If I Must Die" was widely circulated.[214]
An aerial photo of displaced Palestinians waiting in northern Nuseirat to return to their homes in Gaza
On 1 January 2024, Israel withdrew from neighborhoods in North Gaza.[225] On 15 January, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said the most intense fighting in the north of the Gaza Strip had ended, and a new phase of low-intensity fighting was about to begin.[226] By 18 January, the IDF, who had previously stated that Hamas control over North Gaza was "dismantled", reported that Hamas had significantly rebuilt its fighting strength in North Gaza.[227]
On 22 January, 24 IDF soldiers died in the deadliest day for the IDF since the invasion began. Of these, 21 died when Palestinian militants fired an RPG at a tank, causing adjacent buildings to collapse.[228][229][230] On 29 January, Israeli forces killed Hind Rajab, a five-year-old girl, and six of her family members when the car they were driving was struck by Israeli tank and machine gun fire; two rescue workers attempting to retrieve Rajab were also killed.[231] The Red Crescent released the audio from Rajab's phone call with rescue workers, causing international outrage over her death.[232]
Build-up to the Rafah offensive (February–April 2024)
An aerial view showing destruction in Rafah after Israeli forces withdrawal and as the ceasefire took hold, Gaza StripAn aerial view of the Flour Massacre captured by an Israeli drone, February 2024
Between February and May 2024, preparations to invade Rafah became a dominant theme in Israeli officials' public rhetoric. On 12 February, Israel conducted a hostage rescue operation in Rafah along with a bombing campaign.[233] Food supplies increasingly became an issue. On 5 February, Israeli shelling damaged a marked UNRWA convoy, forcing UNRWA to suspend its operations for almost three weeks, affecting 200,000 people.[234] On 29 February, Israeli forces opened fire on Palestinians that swarmed aid trucks in southwest of Gaza City, killing 100 and wounding 750. Some of the victims were run over by trucks as panic spread.[235] Survivors described it as an intentional ambush.[236][237] On 1 March, the United States announced it would begin to airdrop food aid into Gaza.[238] Some experts called the initiative performative, saying it would not alleviate the food situation.[239] During his State of the Union Address, Biden announced that a temporary port on Gaza's coast would be constructed for aid delivery.[240]
Al-Shifa Hospital, previously besieged in November 2023, was raided again between 18 March and 1 April.[241] Israeli forces killed Faiq al-Mabhouh, who they said was head of the operations directorate of Hamas's internal security service. Hamas said al-Mabhouh was in charge of civil law enforcement and had been coordinating aid deliveries to north Gaza.[242][243] The IDF said it killed 200 militants in the hospital fighting, including senior Hamas leaders, while also arresting 500 confirmed militants; this account was disputed.[244][245] Survivors denied that militants had organized on the hospital grounds.[246] Israeli forces were accused of leaving the hospital with blown out walls and blackened frame, and of killing 400 Palestinians.[247][248][249]
A March UN Security Council resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza for Ramadan[250] was ignored by the IDF.[251] On 1 April, seven international aid workers from World Central Kitchen (WCK) were killed in an Israeli airstrike south of Deir al-Balah.[252][253][254] WCK, who said their vehicles were clearly marked and their location known to Israel, subsequently withdrew from Gaza alongside ANERA and Project HOPE.[253][255] On 4 April, Israel opened the Erez Crossing for the first time since 7 October after US pressure.[256]
By 6 March, Israel had completed a new east–west road in Gaza. It was intended to mobilize troops and supplies, to connect and defend IDF positions on al-Rashid and Salah al-Din streets, and prevent people in the south of Gaza from returning to the north.[257] On 7 April, Israel withdrew from the south Gaza Strip, with only one brigade remaining in the Netzarim Corridor in the north.[258] Displaced Palestinians began to return.[259] Israel planned to initiate its ground offensive in Rafah around mid-April, but postponed to consider its response to the Iranian strikes on Israel.[260] On 25 April, Israel intensified strikes on Rafah ahead of its threatened invasion.[261][262]
Beginning of the Rafah offensive (May–July 2024)
An aerial view of Al-Mawasi area where displaced Palestinians live in tents, Gaza Strip
On 6 May, the IDF ordered 100,000 civilians in eastern Rafah to evacuate to Al-Mawasi, west of Khan Yunis.[263] Later that day, Hamas announced that it had accepted the terms of a ceasefire brokered by Egypt and Qatar.[264] The deal included a 6-week ceasefire and exchange of prisoners.[265] However, Israel rejected this deal,[266] saying it would continue to negotiate while the military operation on Rafah was ongoing to "exert military pressure on Hamas".[267][268] On 31 May, the United States announced a ceasefire framework.[269]
The same day, the IDF entered the outskirts of Rafah,[270][271][272] seizing control of the Gaza side of the Rafah Crossing to Egypt the following day.[273][274] By 15 May, an estimated 600,000 had fled Rafah and another 100,000 from the north, according to the United Nations.[275]
On 24 May, the United Nations said only 906 aid truckloads had reached Gaza since Israel's Rafah operation began.[276] Israel bombed the Tel al-Sultan displacement camp in Rafah on 26 May, killing at least 45 people, allegedly including two senior Hamas officials.[277][278][279] This provoked a skirmish between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers at the Gaza border in which one Egyptian soldier was killed.[280] Less than 48 hours afterwards, another evacuation zone, the Al-Mawasi refugee camp, was bombed, killing at least 21.[277][281][282] The IDF denied involvement.[283]
Rafah, Khan Yunis, and general bombardment (July–September 2024)
UN analysis covering killed Palestinian civilians between November 2023 and April 2024.[290][291]
Children (44.0%)
Women (26.0%)
Men (30.0%)
On 22 July, the IDF began a second invasion of Khan Yunis.[292][293] Israel ordered the evacuation of the eastern part of Khan Yunis;[294] The Gaza health ministry said that 73 people were killed during the first day of the attack.[293] Footage from an Israeli drone surfaced showing the destruction of the Grand Mosque in Khan Yunis.[295] A third, month-long battle ended on 30 August when the IDF withdrew its 98th battalion from Khan Yunis and Deir el-Balah, stating it had killed over 250 Palestinian militants.[296]
Continued operations throughout Gaza (October–December 2024)
In October, Israeli airstrikes on Shuhada al-Aqsa mosque in Deir el-Balah and a school in central Gaza killed at least 26 Palestinians and injured over 93.[305][306][307] An Israeli strike on Rufaida school, which was serving as a shelter for displaced people in Deir el-Balah, killed at least 28 people and injured 54.[308][309][310] On 8 October, the IDF began to encircle Jabalia camp, killing several Palestinian militants and civilians in air strikes and street battles.[311][312] The IDF's operations in Jabalia continued for the rest of October.[313] During that month and November, strikes on Jabalia killed hundreds of people.[314]
The IDF was accused of blocking aid delivery to the Gaza Strip by allowing looting gangs to target aid convoys.[315] On 16 November 98 out of 109 food trucks carrying UN aid from Kerem Shalom crossing were looted in Israeli-controlled areas of Gaza.[315][316][317] The Abu Shabab clan, a rival of Hamas, was widely blamed for the attacks.[318] On 1 December, the UN suspended its aid shipments through the crossing, blaming Israel for failing to "ensure safe conditions for delivering relief supplies."[319]
A street in northern Gaza pictured in the aftermath of the siege during the initial phase of the 2025 ceasefire
On 13 October, senior IDF officials told Haaretz that the government was not seeking to revive hostage talks and that political leadership was pushing for the annexation of parts of the Gaza Strip.[322] In later October, Israel's siege of North Gaza intensified and daily aid shipments dropped significantly. Eyewitnesses reported the shelling of hospitals, razing of shelters, and abductions of men and boys, leading to speculation that Israel had decided to implement the "generals' plan": turning the northern Strip into a closed military zone and declaring all who remained to be combatants.[323]
The IDF continued its encirclement of Jabalia by sending tanks to Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun and issuing evacuation orders.[324] On 24 October, an IDF attack destroyed at least 10 residential buildings in the Jabalia refugee camp. According to an assessment by Gaza Civil Defense, 150 people were killed or injured.[325] Food aid to Gaza reached a new low in October at an average of 30 trucks per day, or less than 6% of the daily pre-war average.[326] The UN warned that the situation had become "apocalyptic" and that "the entire Palestinian population in North Gaza is at imminent risk of dying from disease, famine and violence".[327]
On 24 November, Israel issued new evacuation orders, triggering another round of displacements in Jabalia.[328] UNRWA said in November that Israel had rejected nine attempts and obstructed an additional 82 to deliver aid to the 60,000 to 70,000 civilians remaining in north Gaza.[329] On 5 December, Israeli Army Radio announced that 18,000 Palestinians had been evacuated from Beit Lahia.[330]
Second ceasefire (January–March 2025)
Liri Albag in the first meeting with her family after being released from Hamas captivity on 25 January 2025.Yarden Bibas, whose wife and children were later returned dead, meets his father and sister for the first time after his release from Hamas captivity on 1 February 2025.
On 15 January 2025, an agreement was announced, through Qatari mediation, in which Hamas agreed to release a number of Israeli hostages held in the Gaza Strip in exchange for Hamas militants and other Palestinians held in Israeli prisons. The two parties also agreed to a ceasefire,[331] which went into effect on the morning of 19 January 2025.[332] On 27 January, tens of thousands of Palestinians began a mass return to northern Gaza after Israel opened a corridor for civilian movement.[333] Hamas said that Israel had violated the terms of the ceasefire, and announced the suspension of the release of Israeli hostages on 10 February.[334] After Netanyahu and US President Donald Trump threatened to restart fighting in Gaza,[335] Hamas relented on 13 February,[336] allowing the release of hostages to begin again two days later.[337]
Return of displaced people via Al-Rasheed Street after ceasefire, January 2025, Gaza Strip
Negotiations for implementing the second phase of the ceasefire, intended to see the release of all remaining living hostages, the withdrawal of the Israeli military from Gaza and a permanent end to the war, were supposed to begin in February, but never happened.[338][339] Israel endorsed a US plan to extend the Gaza truce for the Ramadan and Passover periods, but Hamas refused and demanded the second phase be implemented;[340][341] Netanyahu ceased the entry of aid to Gaza the next day.[342][343] This was condemned by Egypt as a violation of the ceasefire, which stipulated that phase one would automatically be extended as long as phase two negotiations were in progress.[344][345] On 9 March, Israeli Energy Minister Eli Cohen ordered a halt to supply of Israeli electricity to Gaza.[346]
In January, Hamas said it had recruited thousands of new fighters during the war. Then U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken estimated that "Hamas has recruited almost as many new militants as it has lost."[347]Reuters reported the number of new recruits, based on U.S. intelligence, was 10,000 to 15,000.[348]
Israeli attacks resume (March–April 2025)
Displaced Palestinians receive food from charitable Tekiya during Ramadan in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip.
On 19 March, the IDF said that it had created a "partial buffer" and partially recaptured the center of the Netzarim Corridor.[362][363] On 23 March, IDF troops fired on humanitarian vehicles, in southern Rafah, killing 15 medics; their bodies were found one week later.[364][365] On 9 April, Israeli warplanes bombed a residential building in Shuja'iyya, killing over 35 Palestinians and wounding at least 70.[366][367] On 12 April, the IDF announced that it had encircled Rafah, and planned to seize portions of it while ordering large-scale evacuations of its population.[368]
Renewed Israeli offensive (May–September 2025)
In early May, Israel announced plans to expand the Gaza offensive and mobilized thousands of reservists.[369][370] On 8 May, two Israeli airstrikes on the last restaurant in Gaza City and a simultaneous strike on a crowded nearby market killed at least 33 people.[371][372] On 13 May, Israeli airstrikes struck the compound of the Gaza European Hospital in Khan Yunis, killing Mohammed Sinwar and Muhammad Shabana who were in underground tunnels.[373][374][375] At least 143 people were killed in Gaza on 15 May, making it the deadliest day since the end of the ceasefire in March.[376] The following day, Israel announced the launch of Operation Gideon's Chariots, a military offensive aimed at taking control of the entire Gaza Strip. The move was condemned by several of Israel's allies, a number of whom threatened sanctions.[377][378][379] On 25 May, an Israeli airstrike on the Fahmi al-Jawjawi school in Daraj, Gaza City, killed at least 36 people and injured over 55.[380] In late May a new militia in Gaza, the Popular Forces, began operating under the authority of the Abu Shabab clan in opposition to Hamas. Avigdor Lieberman accused Netanyahu and the Israeli government of funding and arming this militia.[318]
On 27 May, the US-backed Gaza Humanitarian Foundation began operations in Tel al-Sultan to deliver humanitarian aid. As thousands of starving Palestinians overwhelmed the distribution center, Israeli forces fired into the crowd, killing ten and injuring at least 62 Palestinians.[381] In a series of subsequent attacks on aid seekers, more than 1,300 were killed.[382] On 30 June, an Israeli airstrike on al-Baqa cafeteria killed at least 41 Palestinians—including photojournalist Ismail Abu Hatab—and injured another 75.[383] On 20 July, the IDF issued evacuation orders for the city of Deir al-Balah, where it had not launched a ground offensive since the start of the war.[384] On the following day, Israeli forces advanced into the outskirts of Deir al-Balah as airstrikes hit the city.[385]
In early August 2025, the Israeli security cabinet approved a plan to occupy Gaza City. The plan drew condemnation from the UN, the European Council president, and several countries.[386][387] On 10 August, Israeli forces struck a press tent outside al-Shifa Hospital, killing six Al-Jazeera journalists including Anas Al-Sharif,[388][389] bringing the number of journalists killed by Israel during the war to 192.[390] On 20 August, Israel began the first stages of the offensive, calling up 60,000 reservists for the beginning of September.[391][392] On 25 August, an Israeli double tap strike on Nasser Hospital in southern Gaza killed 22 people, including five journalists.[393][394] Subsequently, Netanyahu said he "deeply regretted" the strike, describing it as a "mishap".[395] On 9 September, Israel ordered the full evacuation of Gaza City, citing plans for intensified operation.[396] Six days later, the IDF launched the full offensive, deploying units from two armored and infantry divisions.[397]
Third ceasefire (September–December 2025)
Gaza peace plan phase one withdrawal line shown in yellow (the "Yellow Line")
On 29 September, Trump proposed a 20-point peace plan, which included the release of all hostages, an end to the war, the withdrawal of Israel and the disarmament of Hamas, and a temporary transitional government.[398] Israel accepted the deal, as did Arab and Muslim states who urged Hamas to agree to it.[399] On 3 October, under pressure from Trump,[400] Hamas agreed to release all hostages, end the war, and hand over administration of the Gaza Strip, though it wanted to continue negotiating.[401] The IDF halted the offensive in Gaza City on 4 October.[402] Both sides agreed to phase one of the peace plan on 9 October.[44] The following day, the IDF began a withdrawal from parts of the Gaza Strip; the ceasefire formally came into effect when this was completed at noon local time.[45]
A peace summit on 13 October in Sharm El Sheikh was attended by representatives of over 30 countries and organizations.[403][404][405] A prisoner exchange took place, with Hamas releasing the remaining 20 living Israeli hostages,[406] while Israel released 1,718 Palestinian detainees held without charge and an additional 250 Palestinian prisoners convicted of crimes in Israeli courts.[407]
On 19 October, two IDF soldiers were killed in Rafah; al-Qassam Brigades denied responsibility.[408][409] Israel resumed bombardment of Gaza in response, killing at least 29 Palestinians before reaffirming the ceasefire the same day.[408] On 28 October, one Israeli soldier was killed in Rafah; al-Qassam Brigades denied involvement.[410][411] Netanyahu ordered Israeli forces to immediately conduct "powerful strikes" in Gaza:[412] the attacks killed at least 104 people. The IDF said it targeted dozens of Hamas targets, including 21 commanders and militants who participated in the 7 October attacks.[410] On 13 December, an Israeli attack west of Gaza City killed five people and injured at least 25 others. It targeted the al-Qassam Brigades commander Ra'ad Sa'ad, who was killed.[413][414]
Strategy
Israeli soldiers in a Namer APC before invasion of the Gaza Strip
When Israeli troops entered the Gaza Strip and began to maintain a persistent physical presence in the region beginning on 27 October 2023, Israel's military adopted a communications strategy designed to preserve operational flexibility and security.[415] The United States urged Israel to avoid a full-scale invasion and to instead conduct "surgical" operations to avoid casualties and a regional escalation.[416] When the IDF initiated Operation Gideon's Chariots in May 2025, the systematic destruction of infrastructure became an explicit component of official military policy and was implemented with increased intensity. Notably, private contractors were engaged in the operation.[417]
The military strategies employed by Hamas have historically encompassed a blend of conventional and insurgent tactics.[418] As a result of the war, the group has shifted "back into a guerrilla fighting force", employing the use of hit-and-run operations and operating in smaller cells of fighters, aiming to demonstrate that they are capable of continuing to fight a prolonged war.[419] Hamas's strategy also relies on the underground tunnel system, which can be used as shelter for Hamas militants and leaders, storing weapons, and detaining hostages.[420]
Sources close to Hamas leadership said that they counted on the international pressure for Israel to end the siege due to mounting civilian casualties and achieve a ceasefire.[421][420] Hamas believed that together with strikes by Hezbollah and Iran and the uprising in the West Bank, they would cause Israel to collapse, while Israeli retaliation against Gaza would kill many civilians but undermine their crucial international support.[422] Some, including Israel, have accused Hamas of deliberately using Palestinian civilians as human shields.[422][421] Such claims have been disputed. In February 2024, Forensic Architecture (FA) examined the evidence that Israel provided at the ICJ regarding Hamas's alleged use of civilian facilities for military use. FA said that much of the Israeli evidence was misleading or false.[423][424]
By the end of 2024, a year-long exchange of strikes between Israel and Hezbollah escalated into an Israeli invasion of Lebanon, before it was paused after a ceasefire.[435] In February 2025, Israel largely withdrew but maintained five military outposts on highlands in Southern Lebanon, against Lebanon's wishes.[436][437] The crisis has also seen the fall of the Assad regime and an ongoing Israeli invasion of Syria.[438][439] Israeli defense minister Israel Katz in April 2025 declared that Israeli forces would indefinitely remain in "security zones" that they "cleared and seized" in Gaza, Lebanon and Syria.[440]
Violence in the West Bank increased from the beginning of the war, with more than 607 Palestinians and over 25 Israelis killed by August 2024.[451][452] At the same time, Israeli settler violence further increased to around 1,270 attacks, against 856 for all of 2022.[453] In the weeks after the 7 October attack, about 1,000 Palestinians were forcibly displaced by settlers and Israeli forces,[454] and six Palestinian communities were abandoned.[455] On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 13 people were killed in overnight Israeli raids across the West Bank.[456][457]
In July 2024, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers in the West Bank, the largest single land seizure since the 1993 Oslo accords.[458] Israeli authorities also approved plans for almost 5,300 new houses in occupied West Bank.[459] By this point, Israeli land seizures exceeded the combined total of the previous 20 years.[460] The following month, the Israeli government approved new settlements in the area.[461][462]
On 7 August, Wafa reported that Israeli forces destroyed the regional headquarters of Fatah in the Balata Camp.[463][464] On 28 August, Israel launched the largest military operation into the northern West Bank in more than 20 years. Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz called the operation a "full-fledged war".[465] Israeli forces carried out simultaneous operations in Jenin, Tubas, Nablus, Ramallah and Tulkarm.[466] The IDF classified the West Bank as a "combat zone" in early September, viewing it as the second most important front in the war.[467][468] Yoav Gallant said that Israel was "mowing the lawn" with its West Bank operations, but that it would eventually need to "pull out the roots".[469] On 6 September, Turkish-American protestor Ayşenur Eygi was killed by an Israeli sniper at a demonstration near Nablus.[470]
On 30 November 2023, two Palestinian gunmen killed three and wounded 11 Israeli civilians at a bus stop on the Givat Shaul Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility.[477] On 16 February 2024, a Palestinian gunman shot and killed two Israeli civilians and injured four others in Kiryat Malakhi, Israel. The shooter was killed by an off-duty IDF reservist at the scene.[478] On 18 August, a Hamas militant from Nablus carried out a suicide bombing in Tel Aviv, wounding one person.[479] On 1 October, two Hamas gunmen from Hebron carried out a shooting attack in Jaffa, Tel Aviv, killing seven people and injuring 17 others.[480]
US President Joe Biden on a support visit to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Tel Aviv on October 18, 2023
US President Donald Trump receiving Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the White House on April 7, 2025.
Since 7 October, the United States has aided Israel in pursuing its war goals in Gaza as well as attempting to deter Hamas's allies in the region and to prevent them from expanding the scope of confrontation with Israel in the Middle East.[481]: 67 The extent of American support for Israel has surpassed its involvement in all previous Israeli wars, leading Gilbert Achcar to call it 'the first US-Israeli joint war'.[482] Similarly, French historian Jean-Pierre Filiu argued that the extent of American support and involvement for Israel in its war against Palestine makes it a co-belligerent.[483] The United States has funded 70% of the total costs of the Gaza war since October 2023. The true level of US investment is higher, as this figure does not include its aid to Egypt and Jordan, which is intended to maintain their peace treaties with Israel.[484] Israel was also allowed to supply itself from American weapon stockpiles located in Israel.[481]: 70
Alongside substantial financial and diplomatic support, the US also intervened in the war directly. 100 American soldiers were deployed in combat to man a THAAD anti-air battery.[485][486] In addition, the US piloted drones over Gaza to provide intelligence to Israel,[487] aimed at locating hostages and Palestinian militant leaders in Gaza;[488] this also included information on Sinwar's location.[489] During the Biden administration, the US sent a Marine three-star general and other U.S. military officers to Israel to advise on its operations in Gaza.[490] In November 2023, US special forces and commandos were deployed to help Israel track down hostages held in Gaza.[491] On 18 March 2025, after Israel's surprise attack on the Gaza Strip, Israeli government spokesman David Mencer stated that the operation had been "fully coordinated with Washington" and thanked the Trump administration "for their unyielding support for Israel".[492] On 6 April, a second THAAD system was deployed to Israel by the US.[493]
During negotiations for an end to the war, American officials said there were plans to send 200 US soldiers to Israel to oversee the implementation of the ceasefire, though they said they would not enter Gaza, but instead Central Command will establish a "civil-military coordination center".[494]
Peace plan
Following the US-backed ceasefire proposal's implementation in October 2025, a broader peace plan has been advanced by the Trump administration. Following the prisoner exchanges that took place in mid-October, the plan calls for the division of Gaza into an Israeli-controlled outer zone and a coastal region to be occupied by a US-led international force before power is transferred to Palestinian technocrats under the supervision of a "Board of Peace" chaired by Trump.[495] The United Nations Security Council has authorized the International Stabilization Force (ISF) and the Board of Peace to operate in Gaza until 2027.[496] The plan calls for the disarmament of Hamas and demilitarization of the Gaza Strip,[497][498][398][499] and the creation of a special economic zone. The reconstruction of Gaza is estimated to cost $70 billion, and had "no modern comparison" according to a Brookings Institute researcher.[500] The details of the proposal have been contentious, with Hamas insisting on Palestinian governance being "based on Palestinian national consensus"[495] and rejecting disarmament among other US demands.[501][502] The ceasefire has been violated by both sides.[503][504] According to The New Arab, Israeli ceasefire violations have complicated the broader peace plan's implementation,[505] with continued Israeli strikes in Gaza killing more than 370 Palestinians since the start of the ceasefire.[506]
In December 2025, IDF Chief of Staff Eyal Zamir said that the Yellow Line would be Israel's new border line in the Gaza Strip,[507] despite the Gaza peace plan's stipulation that Israel will not occupy or annex Gaza.[508] Zamir said that Israel would remain in operational control over territory beyond the Yellow Line, which amounts to 53% of the Gaza Strip.[506] Israel has moved the Yellow Line further into Gaza[509][510] and applies a shoot-to-kill policy toward anyone approaching or crossing the line.[511][512][513] Within parts of Gaza, the Yellow Line is not clearly marked or delineated.[514] The Trump administration has said that it plans to build prefabricated structures on Israel's side of the Yellow Line; the plan was met with skepticism from Israeli officials and Arab diplomats. Arab diplomats have expressed reluctance to deploy ISF troops on the Palestinian side of the Yellow Line, suggesting that it would be better to deploy the ISF in lieu of Israeli soldiers first.[515] An analysis by Forensic Architecture and Drop Site News showed that Israel had built 13 new outposts in Gaza since the start of the ceasefire. Palestinian property in eastern Khan Younis was systematically destroyed in areas where new military infrastructure was built.[516] On 24 December, Defense Minister Israel Katz suggested that Israel would build settlements in Gaza, but later walked back his comments.[517] In a joint statement on Israeli recognition of Somaliland, several Arab and Muslim states including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan and Turkey expressed concern that Israel intended to expel the Palestinian population in Gaza and resettle Palestinians in East Africa.[518]
Impact
Scale of destruction
Rimal in Gaza City following an Israeli airstrike, 10 October 2023
The scale and pace of destruction and damage of buildings in the Gaza Strip ranks among the most severe in modern history,[519][520][521] surpassing the level of destruction of Dresden and London during World War II and approaching that of Hamburg,[522][523][524] and included the destruction of apartment buildings, hospitals, schools, religious sites, factories, shopping centers, and municipal infrastructure.[524] As of January 2024, researchers at Oregon State University and the City University of New York estimated that 50–62% of buildings in the Gaza Strip had been damaged or destroyed.[525][526][k][l] The 29,000 munitions Israel had dropped on Gaza in three months exceeded the amount (3,678) dropped by the US between 2004 and 2010 after its invasion of Iraq.[529] According to satellite analyses, 68% of roads, 70% of greenhouses, and nearly 70% of tree crops have been damaged or destroyed.[530] After a year, the UN estimates that 42m tonnes of rubble clutter the Strip; clearing and rebuilding might take 80 years and cost over $80bn.[531]
The Guardian reported that the scale of destruction has led international legal experts to raise the concept of domicide, which it describes as "the mass destruction of dwellings to make [a] territory uninhabitable".[520] The term urbicide has also been used to refer to the destruction of Gazan cities and their institutions.[532] In October 2024, Forensic Architecture published a map platform detailing Israel's campaign in Gaza titled "A Cartography of Genocide", accompanied by a report that concludes that "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".[533]
Humanitarian crisis
Residents inspect the ruins of an apartment in Gaza destroyed by Israeli airstrikes
The Gaza Strip is experiencing a humanitarian crisis and a healthcare collapse as a result of the war.[534][535] At the start of the war, Israel tightened its blockade, resulting in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies.[534][536][537] This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.[538] In July 2024, available water was 4.74 litres per person per day, just under a third of the recommended minimum in emergencies.[539] Doctors warned of disease outbreaks spreading due to overcrowded hospitals.[535] A polio epidemic was the target of mostly-successful vaccination campaigns.[540]
Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the crisis. Direct attacks on telecommunications infrastructure by Israel, electricity blockades, and fuel shortages caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers.[541][542][543] Lack of internet access has obstructed Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of IDF operations, and identifying both the areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes.[541] The blackouts impeded emergency services, making it harder to locate and access the time-critical injured,[541] and have impeded humanitarian agencies and journalists.[541]
In May 2025, Donald Trump acknowledged starvation in Gaza and backed the promoted the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation to distribute food through hubs run by private contractors and protected by Israeli soldiers.[544][545] International aid agencies warned that the plans weaponized humanitarian aid and would not be able to meet the scale of aid that was required.[546] UN humanitarian representatives Cindy McCain and Tom Fletcher noted that only about 100 trucks a day were getting through, compared to more that 600 trucks a day before the blockade.[547][548]
Trump said Gaza is experiencing "real starvation", while Netanyahu blamed Hamas.[548][549] In August 2025, an IPC analysis confirmed famine, or IPC Phase 5, in some parts of Gaza including Gaza City.[550][551] This analysis predicted that a further 640,000 people would face Phase 5 conditions by September 2025.[551]Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories issued a counter-report which it said refuted the contents of the IPC brief.[552] On 19 December 2025, the IPC released a report stating that famine conditions in Gaza no longer existed following improved food deliveries after the ceasefire, though the situation remained "fragile".[553]
Mass detention
Israel has increased its administrative detention of Palestinians and Palestinian citizens of Israel since the start of the war. Administrative detention was already at a 20-year high before October 2023.[554] More than 11,000 Palestinians are held in Israeli jails, not counting detainees taken from Gaza during the war.[57] At least 60 Palestinians have died in Israeli detention since 7 October.[555] They are held without charge or trial, which violates international law.[556]
In December 2023, a military base at Sde Teiman in the Negev Desert was converted to a detention camp by the IDF. Whistleblowers and detainees reported torture of Palestinian detainees at the camp, as well as amputations of limbs due to injuries sustained from handcuffing, medical neglect, arbitrary punishment and sexual abuse. Prisoners have been coerced to confess that they are members of Hamas.[557][558][559] After conditions in the camp came to light in May 2024, the Supreme Court of Israel held a hearing and the IDF began transferring 1,200 of the prisoners to Ofer Prison.[560] Detainees have reported severe instances of violence during transfers between prisons.[555][56] In July, ten soldiers "suspected of the serious sexual abuse" of a Palestinian detainee were arrested at Sde Teiman.[557] In protest, Israeli national security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir and other supporters of the arrested soldiers stormed both Sde Teiman and Beit Lid, where the soldiers were being held.[561]
Several Palestinian healthcare workers have been abducted from Gaza hospitals during sieges by Israeli forces.[56] As of February 2025, at least 160 healthcare workers from Gaza were believed to be held in detention by Israel, with another 24 missing after being taken from hospitals in Gaza.[58] For example, in December 2024, Israeli forces abducted Hussam Abu Safiya, the director of Kamal Adwan Hospital, and 57 of the hospital's staff.[562]
A mother cries for her 4-year-old daughter, who lost her life due to malnutrition and lack of treatment
As of 21 February 2026, at least 75,227 people (73,188+ Palestinians[566] and 2,039+ Israelis)[25][569][27][28] have been reported killed in the Gaza war according to the Gaza Health Ministry (GHM) and Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, including 248 journalists and media workers,[570] 120 academics,[571] and over 224 humanitarian aid workers, a number that includes 179 employees of UNRWA.[572] Scholars have estimated 80% of Palestinians killed were civilians.[568][567][573] A study by OHCHR, which verified fatalities from three independent sources, found that 70% of the Palestinians killed in residential buildings or similar housing were women and children.[291][574]
In January 2025, an analysis of deaths between October 2023 and 30 June 2024 estimated 64,260 deaths from traumatic injury during this period, and likely exceeding 70,000 by October 2024, with 59.1% of them being women, children and the elderly. It concluded that the GHM undercounted trauma-related deaths by 41% in its report, and also noted that its findings "do not account for non-trauma-related deaths."[12] A comparable estimate up to May 2025 would be 93,000 (77,000 to 109,000), representing 4–5% of Gaza's pre-war population.[575] Another casualty analysis, published in February 2026, estimated 75,200 violent deaths and 8,540 excess non-violent deaths between 7 October 2023 and 5 January 2025. The estimate of violent deaths is 34.7% higher than the GHM's casualty count at the time. Of the violent deaths, the researchers estimate that 56.2% were women, children, and elderly individuals.[576]
A May 2025 investigation found that a classified IDF database listed 8,900 Palestinian fighters as dead or likely dead, or 17% of the 53,000 death toll at the time, which if correct would indicate that 83% of the dead were civilians—a rate higher only in the Srebrenica massacre (though not the Bosnian war overall), the siege of Mariupol, and the Rwandan genocide.[577] In response, the IDF said that the numbers in the article are incorrect.[578]
A survey by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PCPSR) reported showed over 60% of Gazans have lost family members since the war began.[579][580] Thousands of more dead bodies are thought to be under the rubble of destroyed buildings.[581][582] The number of injured is greater than 100,000;[583] United Nations agencies have reported that Gaza is now home to the highest number of child amputees per capita in the world.[584]
The majority of casualties have been in the Gaza Strip. The GHM total casualty count does not distinguish Palestinian deaths by Israeli attacks from those by other means, like friendly fire, and describes all casualties as victims of "Israeli aggression".[585] In January 2026, an IDF official acknowledged the GHM's estimate of about 70,000 Palestinians killed, emphasising that the figure does not distinguish between militants and civilians, or indicate how many died directly from fighting. The official also rejected the GHM figures that 440 Palestinians had died from malnutrition and starvation.[586][587]
The October 7 attacks on Israel killed 1,195 people, including 815 civilians.[563][588] Casualties have also occurred in other parts of Israel, as well as in southern Lebanon,[589]Syria,[590]Yemen,[591] and Iran.[592] As reported by the Defense Ministry, the total number of Israeli fatalities as of October 2025 is 1,152. This figure encompasses soldiers, police personnel, Shin Bet operatives, and civilian security officials who died on duty, as well as those who succumbed to accidents, illness, or suicide. Notably, around 42% of the deceased were individuals under the age of 21.[593] According to the Israeli Ministry of Defense's Rehabilitation Division, about 1,000 soldiers are wounded every month.[594] In August 2024, the ministry predicted that it would have to account for 100,000 disabled IDF veterans by 2030 due to the war.[595] An August 2025 report indicated that the rise in suicides among IDF soldiers was due to psychological trauma resulting from the prolonged conflict.[596]
In June 2024, the UN commission published a report covering the war from 7 October to 31 December 2023.[605] The report found that Hamas and six other Palestinian groups were responsible for the war crimes of intentionally directing attacks against civilians, murder or willful killing, torture, inhuman or cruel treatment, destroying or seizing property, outrages upon personal dignity, and taking hostages, including children.[606][607] The commission also concluded that Israeli authorities were responsible for the war crimes of starvation as a method of warfare, murder or willful killing, intentionally directing attacks against civilians and civilian objects, forcible transfer, sexual violence, torture and inhuman or cruel treatment, arbitrary detention and outrages upon personal dignity. It also found that Israel had committed crimes against humanity, including carrying out the extermination of Palestinians and gender persecution targeting Palestinian men and boys.[608][609][610] The commission said that they had submitted 7,000 pieces of evidence of crimes committed by Israel and Hamas to the ICC.[611]
In another report published in October 2024, the commission accused the IDF of war crimes through deliberately killing and torturing medical personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza. The report also found that thousands of Palestinian prisoners, many arbitrarily detained, faced widespread abuse, including violence, rape and sexual assault, and torture, and highlighted that resulting deaths constituted war crimes and violations of the right to life. Israel refused to cooperate with the investigation, contending that it had an "anti-Israel" bias.[612][613]
In December 2024, Amnesty International concluded that Israel was committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip;[51][621]Human Rights Watch also concluded that month that Israel is responsible for the crime of genocide through deprivation of safe water and sanitation.[622] In March 2025, the UN Commission found that Israel's attacks on women's healthcare facilities in Gaza amounted to genocidal acts;[623] Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the report as "false and absurd", accusing the UN Human Rights Council of being anti-Israel and anti-Semitic.[624] In July 2025, Israeli human rights groups B'Tselem[625] and Physicians for Human Rights–Israel[626] released reports calling Israel's campaign in Gaza a genocide.[625][627]
On 16 September 2025, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory concluded that Israel had committed genocide against Palestinians in Gaza, and that top Israeli officials including Netanyahu, Gallant, and Herzog had incited these acts. The report said that four of the five acts of genocide have been committed, as defined under the 1948 Genocide Convention. Israel rejected the report as distorted and false, and called for the abolition of the Commission.[628][40]
Significant geopolitical divisions emerged during the war. Israel's traditional Western allies provided diplomatic backing and weaponry to Israel;[639] including the United States,[640] United Kingdom,[641] and Germany.[642] At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct on 7 October as terrorism, including a joint statement by the US, UK, France, Italy, and Germany.[643]
The Islamic world and much of the Global South denounced the actions of Israel and its allies, criticizing the "moral authority of the West" and alleging that it holds double standards surrounding human rights,[639][650] comparing the alleged double standards of condemning Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine while supporting Israel's occupation of Palestine.[651] At least nine countries withdrew their ambassadors or cut diplomatic ties with Israel.[652] Global public opinion of Israel dropped during the war; a Morning Consult poll published in January 2024 indicated that the United States was the only remaining wealthy country in which Israel had net positive approval.[653] The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.[654]
Pro-Palestinian protest in Helsinki, Finland, 28 October 2023
On 21 September 2025, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Portugal formally recognised a Palestinian state.[655] France, Luxembourg, Monaco, Malta, and others did so the following day.[656]
Economic impact
The war cost Israel 168 billion shekels (more than US$50billion) as of September 2025.[657] By September 2024 the US provided $14.5billion in aid, part of the $22.76billion the US had allocated for military assistance.[658][n] As early as 9 November 2023, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labor supply caused by the war was costing the Israeli economy $600million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP. The bank also stated that the estimate did not include damage caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers.[660] In the final quarter of 2023, the Israeli economy shrank by 5.2% quarter-to-quarter due to labor shortages in construction and from the mobilization of 300,000 reservists.[661]
According to UNCTAD's 2025 report, prolonged restrictions on movement, coupled with the war in October 2023, have resulted in significant long-term devastation in both Gaza and the West Bank. The per capita GDP has plummeted to $161 annually and unemployment rates have soared to 80 percent.[662] It has been calculated that the carbon cost in terms of climate impact of rebuilding Gaza would exceed the annual greenhouse emissions of 135 countries.[663]
Public approval
There was broad support in Israeli society for military operations in Gaza.[664][665] A public opinion poll conducted in December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 87% of Jewish Israelis supported the war in Gaza.[666] In another Israel Democracy Institute survey of 510 Israeli citizens in early February 2024, 68% of respondents supported preventing all international aid from entering Gaza.[667] A poll commissioned by Penn State University and conducted in March 2025 among a representative sample of 1,005 Israeli Jews found that 82% supported the forced expulsion of Gaza residents. Additionally, 47% responded affirmatively to the question: "When conquering an enemy city, should the IDF act like the Israelites led by Joshua when they conquered Jericho, that is, kill all its inhabitants?"[668][669]
Throughout the war, multiple protests have been held in Israel. As of September 2025 weekly protests took place in Tel Aviv and other locations in Israel with thousands of protestors calling for an end to the war and a hostage release deal.[670] The Knesset's law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism.[671]
A December 2023 poll by PCPSR found that 72% of respondents (52% of Gazans and 85% of West Bank residents) approved of the October 7 attacks.[672] A 2024 follow-up poll found that two-thirds of respondents continued to approve of the attacks.[673] About 90% of respondents did not believe that Hamas committed atrocities (killing women and children, sexual violence) during the October 7 attacks, seeing this as enemy propaganda.[673] Half of respondents in Gaza expected Hamas to win the war, while a quarter expected Israel to win.[673]
In reporting on the conflict, foreign media have limited access to Gaza and only in the presence of Israeli soldiers. Vox reported that the news organizations "have to submit all materials and footage to the IDF for review before publication".[674] The conflict has also seen large numbers of journalists wounded or killed. The International Federation of Journalists stated that as many journalists were killed in the first two months of the Gaza war as in the two decades of the Vietnam War.[675]Reporters Without Borders filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court under the Rome Statute, accusing Israel of committing war crimes against eight journalists.[676][674] It also lodged a complaint against Hamas for the killing of a reporter covering the 7 October attack.[676] The Committee to Protect Journalists accused Israel of targeting journalists reporting from Gaza and their families.[677]
^From May 2024.[1][2][3] Popular Forces have been described as a Salafi Jihadist organization with alleged ties to the Islamic State. Several senior leaders in the Popular Forces also allied with the Islamic State in the Sinai.[4]
^Including 169,500 active personnel[8] and 360,000 reservists.[9]
^Total is derived from taking the current number of killed in Gaza and the militants killed inside Israel.
^As of 22 January 2024.[29] Including 6,424 soldiers (as of 23 February 2026).[30]
^Also referred to as the "Israel–Hamas war", "war on Gaza", "Operation Iron Swords" (Hebrew: מלחמת חרבות ברזל), the "battle of al-Aqsa Flood" (Arabic: معركة طوفان الأقصى), "October 7 war", and others. For more information, see Names.
^Israeli prime ministerBenjamin Netanyahu is reported to have backed changing the name of the war to 'Genesis,' evoking the biblical Book of Genesis.[73][74] A group of Israeli politicians supported the name change because of what they see as "its universality and association with a new reality, separating between darkness and light, good and evil, barbarism and civilization."[74] The plan has also been presented to National Unity Party leader Benny Gantz and Israel's Public Diplomacy Directorate.[74]
^In northern Gaza, including Gaza City, the number of buildings damaged or destroyed is as high as 80 percent.[527]
^In October 2024, The New York Times estimated 168,000 buildings in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed.[528]
^A conservative estimate for US funding for Israel's military operations and related US operations in the area sets the figure for the fiscal year between 7 October and 30 September at $22.76billion.[659]
^"IDF denies report claiming that its own database found that vast majority of Gaza dead were civilians". The Times of Israel. 21 August 2025. Retrieved 12 February 2026. In January, the military said 20,000 terror operatives had been killed, and yesterday it updated that number to over 22,000. In May, IDF officials said that the combatant-to-civilian deaths ratio has remained relatively the same throughout the war, with two to three civilians killed for every dead Hamas terror operative.
^Geneva Declaration Secretariat (2008). Global Burden of Armed Violence(PDF) (Report). Geneva Declaration Secretariat. p. 4. The ratio of people killed in war to those dying indirectly because of a conflict is explored in the chapter on indirect deaths (INDIRECT CONFLICT DEATHS). Studies show that between three and 15 times as many people die indirectly for every person who dies violently.
^Bloxham, Donald (2025). "The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities". Journal of Genocide Research: 23–24. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546. A study of traumatic injury deaths in Gaza ... suggested that the MoH's methods, far from producing an exaggerated number, actually under-estimated the death toll by around 41 percent. ... When considering the total 'excess mortality,' we need to add the Palestinians who have died because of the blockade in combination with the IDF's destruction of health and sanitation and food infrastructure.
^Bloxham, Donald (2025). "The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities". Journal of Genocide Research. 0: 1–26. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546. ISSN1462-3528. A study of traumatic injury deaths in Gaza in The Lancet using multiple data sources and capture-recapture analysis suggested that the MoH's methods, far from producing an exaggerated number, actually under-estimated the death toll by around 41 percent.... When considering the total 'excess mortality,' we need to add the Palestinians who have died because of the blockade in combination with the IDF's destruction of health and sanitation and food infrastructure. As public health experts noted, in many wars, 'most deaths' are 'due to the indirect [sic] impacts of war: malnutrition, communicable disease, exacerbations of noncommunicable disease, [and] maternal and infant disorders.'117 'Indirect' would be the wrong word for this conflict given the nature of Israeli policies, including the systematic obstruction of supplies into Gaza.
Dumper, Michael; Badran, Amneh (2024). "Introduction". In Dumper, Michael; Badran, Amneh (eds.). Routledge Handbook on Palestine (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 2. doi:10.4324/9781003031994. ISBN9781003031994. In this context we should not overlook the latest turning point in the history of Palestine – the attack by Hamas on 7th October 2023 on Israeli settlements adjacent to Gaza and the subsequent genocidal war that the state of Israel has carried out in the Gaza strip
'You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza(PDF). Amnesty International (Report). 2024. p. 13. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 December 2024. This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide.
Traverso, Enzo (2024). Gaza Faces History. Other Press. p. 8. ISBN978-1-63542-555-0. The only normative definition we have, codified at the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, accurately describes the current situation in Palestine... describes exactly what is happening in Gaza today
Our Genocide(PDF). B'Tselem (Report). July 2025. p. 86. The review presented in this report leaves no room for doubt: since October 2023, the Israeli regime has been responsible for carrying out genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Killing tens of thousands of people; causing bodily or mental harm to hundreds of thousands more; destroying homes and civilian infrastructure on a massive scale; starvation, displacement, and denying humanitarian aid — all this is being perpetrated systematically, as part of a coordinated attack aimed at annihilating all facets of life in the Gaza Strip.
^ ab"Data on casualties". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory (OCHAoPt). Retrieved 12 October 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Nebehay, Stephanie (13 September 2011). Graff, Peter (ed.). "U.N. experts say Israel's blockade of Gaza illegal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2023. A panel of five independent U.N. rights experts [said] the blockade had subjected Gazans to collective punishment in 'flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law.'
"Hamas hardliner Yahya Sinwar elected as Gaza leader". BBC News. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023. Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade around Gaza aimed at preventing attacks by militants there, though the measure has been condemned by rights groups as a form of collective punishment.
^"Where We Work. Gaza Strip". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^Sobelman, Daniel (2025). "The Afterword. The Axis of Resistance, Intra-War deterrence and Israel-Hamas War". Axis of Resistance: Asymmetric Deterrence and Rules of the Game in Contemporary Middle East Conflicts. State University of New York Press. ISBN9798855800821.
^"Why did Israel deploy Hannibal Directive, allowing killing of own citizens?". Al Jazeera. 9 July 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2025. It allows the Israeli military to use any force necessary to prevent Israeli soldiers from being captured and taken into enemy territory [...]. Some officers [...] understand the order to mean that soldiers ought to deliberately kill their comrade in order to stop him from being taken prisoner [...]. However, the orders failed to distinguish between soldiers being captured and civilians.
"Israeli strike on Gaza school kills more than 100: Report". Al Jazeera. 10 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024. Without providing evidence, the Israeli military said in a separate statement that it had intelligence indicating there were 20 Hamas and Islamic Jihad fighters, including senior commanders, operating from the school.
^ abChamas, Akram Mohammad Ali (2024). "The United States of America: Comprehensive Support for Israel in its War on Gaza". Journal of Economic, Administrative and Legal Sciences. 8 (12).
^"The first US-Israeli joint war". Le Monde. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2025. The Israeli military forces' war on Gaza, following Hamas's 7 October attack, is the first Israeli war in which Washington is a cobelligerent.
^"US troops arrive in Israel". The Daily Telegraph. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2024. Around 100 American military personnel in total will be sent to operate the system – the first time US troops have been deployed in combat in Israel during the current crisis.
^Abdulrahim, Raja; Rosales, Helmuth; Shbair, Bilal; Singhvi, Anjali; Solomon, Erika; Abuheweila, Iyad; Abu Bakr, Bashir; Harouda, Ameera; Khurana, Malika; Penney, Veronica; Reinhard, Scott (7 October 2024). "Gaza in Ruins After a Year of War". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
^ abcde"WHO Health Cluster Dashboard – West Bank and Gaza". World Health Organization – Eastern Mediterranean Region (Occupied Palestinian Territory). World Health Organization. 21 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026 – via linked as 'WHO Health Cluster Dashboard – West and Gaza'. "WHO OPT Dashboards".
^"How many people have died in Gaza?". The Economist. 8 May 2025. The researchers found that the overlap was so small that the true number of deaths was probably 46-107% higher than the official ministry total. If you assume that the ratio has stayed the same since last June (and not fallen, as systems caught up during the ceasefire, say) and apply them to the current tally, it would suggest that between 77,000 and 109,000 Gazans have been killed, 4-5% of the territory's pre-war population (see chart).
Swart, Mia (5 August 2025). "South Africa v Israel: South Africa's case at the International Court of Justice". The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs and Policy Studies. 114 (5): 689. doi:10.1080/00358533.2025.2542794. South Africa's actions led to an ever-growing consensus in international legal circles that Israel is committing genocide
Lederman, Shmuel (19 September 2025). "A Not So Textbook Case of Genocide". Journal of Genocide Research (Roundtable: Gaza and Genocide Studies): 1. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2556550. Roughly since mid-2024, there seems to have emerged a broad agreement among genocide scholars—at least those who have expressed their views on the matter—that this is indeed the case ... What followed seems to be a similar broad agreement emerging among legal scholars that this is indeed a genocide, and even those who are still hesitating find the genocide charges much more convincing.
Shaw, Martin (19 September 2025). "The Genocide that Changed the World". Journal of Genocide Research (Roundtable: Gaza and Genocide Studies): 3. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2556575. hdl:10230/71505. By the end of 2024, when Amnesty International published a comprehensively evidenced and legally argued case, 17 the consensus that Israel was committing genocide was becoming overwhelming
Gessen, Masha (7 February 2024). "The Limits of Accusing Israel of Genocide". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Trachtenberg testified to a consensus opinion among historians of genocide that what is happening in Gaza can indeed be called a genocide, largely because the intent to cause death on a massive scale has been so clear in the statements of Israeli officials
^Lakhani, Nina (6 June 2024). "Revealed: repairing Israel's destruction of Gaza will come at huge climate cost". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 June 2024. The carbon cost of rebuilding Gaza will be greater than the annual greenhouse gas emissions generated individually by 135 countries, exacerbating the global climate emergency on top of the unprecedented death toll, new research reveals. Reconstructing the estimated 200,000 apartment buildings, schools, universities, hospitals, mosques, bakeries, water and sewage plants damaged and destroyed by Israel in the first four months of the war on Gaza will generate as much as 60m tonnes of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e), according to new analysis by researchers in the UK and US. This is on a par with the total 2022 emissions generated by countries such as Portugal and Sweden – and more than twice the annual emissions of Afghanistan.
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