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Physiological responses to food intake throughout the day - PubMed

Jonathan D Johnston  1

Review

. 2014 Jun;27(1):107-18.

doi: 10.1017/S0954422414000055. Epub 2014 Mar 25.

Affiliations

Free PMC article

Review

Physiological responses to food intake throughout the day

Jonathan D Johnston. Nutr Res Rev. 2014 Jun.

Free PMC article

Abstract

Circadian rhythms act to optimise many aspects of our biology and thereby ensure that physiological processes are occurring at the most appropriate time. The importance of this temporal control is demonstrated by the strong associations between circadian disruption, morbidity and disease pathology. There is now a wealth of evidence linking the circadian timing system to metabolic physiology and nutrition. Relationships between these processes are often reciprocal, such that the circadian system drives temporal changes in metabolic pathways and changes in metabolic/nutritional status alter core molecular components of circadian rhythms. Examples of metabolic rhythms include daily changes in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and postprandial response. Time of day alters lipid and glucose profiles following individual meals whereas, over a longer time scale, meal timing regulates adiposity and body weight; these changes may occur via the ability of timed feeding to synchronise local circadian rhythms in metabolically active tissues. Much of the work in this research field has utilised animal and cellular model systems. Although these studies are highly informative and persuasive, there is a largely unmet need to translate basic biological data to humans. The results of such translational studies may open up possibilities for using timed dietary manipulations to help restore circadian synchrony and downstream physiology. Given the large number of individuals with disrupted rhythms due to, for example, shift work, jet-lag, sleep disorders and blindness, such dietary manipulations could provide widespread improvements in health and also economic performance.

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Figures

Fig. 1

Regulation of the circadian timing system by light and food. Under normal conditions of ad libitum food, light synchronises the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which then synchronises peripheral clocks via neuronal and endocrine pathways, together with control over behavioural activity and thus feeding time. When feeding time (but not energy availability) is restricted, light remains the dominant synchroniser of the SCN, but peripheral clocks are synchronised to feeding time. Under conditions of temporal and energy food restriction, both the SCN and peripheral clocks are synchronised to the feeding time. (A colour version of this figure can be found online at

http://www.journals.cambridge.org/nrr

)

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