P - Wikipedia [proxy]

This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see P (disambiguation).

P
P p
(See below)

Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[p] [pʰ] [(p)f] [pʼ] [b]
Unicode codepoint	`U+0050, U+0070`
Alphabetical position	16
History
Development	𐌐 P p
Time period	~-700 to present
Descendants	• Ᵽ • ₱ • ℘ • ℗ • ♇ • ꟼ • 𐍀
Sisters	Π π Ⲡ П פּ פ ף ف ܦ پ ࠐ 𐎔 በ ጰ ፐ Պ պ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	p(x), ph
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

P, or p, is the sixteenth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is pee (pronounced ), plural pees.^[1]

History

The Semitic Pê (mouth), as well as the Greek Π or π (Pi), and the Etruscan and Latin letters that developed from the former alphabet, all symbolized /p/, a voiceless bilabial plosive.

Phoenician P	Archaic Greek Pi	Greek Pi	Cyrillic Pe	Etruscan P	Latin P

Use in writing systems

In English orthography and most other European languages, ⟨p⟩ represents the sound /p/.

A common digraph in English is ⟨ph⟩, which represents the sound , and can be used to transliterate ⟨φ⟩ phi in loanwords from Greek. In German, the digraph ⟨pf⟩ is common, representing a labial affricate /pf/.

Most English words beginning with ⟨p⟩ are of foreign origin, primarily French, Latin, Greek, and Slavic;^{[citation needed]} these languages preserve Proto-Indo-European initial *p. Native English cognates of such words often start with ⟨f⟩, since English is a Germanic language and thus has undergone Grimm's law; a native English word with initial /p/ would reflect Proto-Indo-European initial *b, which is so rare that its existence as a phoneme is disputed.

However, native English words with non-initial ⟨p⟩ are quite common; such words can come from either Kluge's law or the consonant cluster /sp/ (PIE *p has been preserved after s).

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /p/ is used to represent the voiceless bilabial plosive.

In music

A bold italic letter p is used in musical notation as a dynamic indicator for "quiet". It stands for the Italian word piano.^[2]^[3]

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

The Latin letter P represents the same sound as the Greek letter Pi, but it looks like the Greek letter Rho.

𐤐 : Semitic letter Pe, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Π π : Greek letter Pi
  - 𐌐 : Old Italic and Old Latin P, which derives from Greek Pi, and is the ancestor of modern Latin P. The Roman P had this form (𐌐) on coins and inscriptions until the reign of Claudius, ca. 50 AD (See also Claudian letters).
  - 𐍀 : Gothic letter pertra/pairþa, which derives from Greek Pi
  - П п : Cyrillic letter Pe, which also derives from Pi
- Ⲡ ⲡ : Coptic letter Pi
- Պ պ: Armenian letter Pe
P with diacritics: Ṕ ṕ Ṗ ṗ Ᵽ ᵽ Ƥ ƥ ᵱ^[4] ᶈ^[5]
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to P:^[6]
- U+1D18 ᴘ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL P
- U+1D3E ᴾ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL P
- U+1D56 ᵖ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL P
_p : Subscript small p was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[7]

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

₱ : Philippine peso sign
℘ : script letter P, see Weierstrass p
℗ : sound recording copyright symbol
♇ : Pluto symbol
ꟼ : Reversed P was used in ancient Roman texts to stand for puella (girl)^[8]
Ꝑ ꝑ, Ꝓ ꝓ, Ꝕ, ꝕ : Various forms of P were used for medieval scribal abbreviations^[9]

Computing codes

Character information
Preview	P		p
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P		LATIN SMALL LETTER P
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	80	U+0050	112	U+0070
UTF-8	80	50	112	70
Numeric character reference	P	P	p	p
EBCDIC family	215	D7	151	97
ASCII ¹	80	50	112	70

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

References

^ "P", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "pee," op. cit.
^ Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press Reference Library.
^ "Piano". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF).
^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (2009-01-27). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
^ Perry, David J. (2006-08-01). "L2/06-269: Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS" (PDF).
^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF).

P - Wikipedia