Daily Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Acute Treatment of Major Depression: Clinical Predictors of Outcome in a Multisite, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

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Authors and Affiliations

1. Division of Brain Stimulation and Therapeutic Modulation, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

   Sarah H Lisanby

2. Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Neurostimulation Research Lab, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

   Mustafa M Husain

3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

   Peter B Rosenquist

4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

   Daniel Maixner

5. PsyCare Inc., Poways, CA, USA

   Rosben Gutierrez

6. Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

   Andrew Krystal

7. Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

   William Gilmer

8. Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

   Lauren B Marangell

9. Department of Psychiatry, Sheppard-Pratt Health System, Baltimore, MD, USA

   Scott Aaronson

10. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Zafiris J Daskalakis

11. Department of Psychiatry, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Randolph Canterbury

12. Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA

    Elliott Richelson

13. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Harold A Sackeim

14. Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Mark S George

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah H Lisanby.

DISCLOSURE/CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that this work was funded by a research grant from Neuronetics (the manufacturer of the device used in this trial). Each author received a research grant from Neuronetics to conduct this trial.

Drs Canterbury, Daskalakis, and Rosenquist declare that, except for income received from their primary employer and except for the research grant from Neuronetics to conduct this trial, no financial support or compensation has been received from any individual or corporate entity over the past 3 years for research or professional service and there are no personal financial holdings that could be perceived as constituting a potential conflict of interest. Information regarding compensation over the past 3 years for the remaining authors is provided below:

Dr Aaronson reports having received research support from GlaxoSmithKline, Dalio Family Foundation, Cephalon; consulting honoraria from Eli Lilly; Speaker Bureau honoraria from Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cyberonics; and Clinical Trials support from Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Cyberonics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Myriad, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Organon, Boehringer Ingelheim.

Dr George reports the following relationships with pharmaceutical companies: Argolyn (consultant—past), Aventis (consultant—past), Bristol-Meyers Squibb (consultant), Cortex (Clinical Trial Research Grant—past), DarPharma (Imaging Research Grant), GlaxoSmithKline (Imaging Research Grant and Speakers Bureau), Janssen Pharmaceuticals (Imaging Research Grant and Speakers Bureau—past), Jazz Pharmaceuticals (research grant/consultant), Lilly Pharmaceuticals (Imaging Research Grant and Speakers Bureau—past), Parke-Davis (Imaging Research Grant—past, Speakers Bureau, consultant), Solvay/Duphar (Imaging Research Grant—past). Dr George also reports the following relationships with imaging and stimulation device companies: Aspect Medical (DSMB member, consultant), Brainsway (consultant, research grant), Brainsonix (advisory board—unpaid), Cephos (advisory board—unpaid and research grant), Cyberonics Inc. (Clinical Research Grants, Imaging Grant, Speakers Bureau, Depression Advisory Board, Mechanisms of Action Advisory Board), Dantec (Medtronic) (Formal Research Collaborations on TMS and DBS), Dupont Pharma (Imaging Research Grant—past), Mediphysics/Amersham (Imaging Research Grant, Speakers Bureau—past), Neotonus (now Neuronetics) (Clinical Research Grant, consultant—past, advisory board—unpaid), NeuroPace (advisory board), Picker International (now Phillips) (Formal Research Collaboration on MRI—past). Dr George reports no equity ownership in any device or pharmaceutical company. His total industry-related compensation is <10% of his university salary. MUSC has filed eight patents or invention disclosures in his name regarding brain imaging and stimulation devices.

Dr Gilmer has received research support from, served in advisory capacity to, or received speakers honoraria from Abbott Laboratories; Aspect Medical Systems; AstraZeneca; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Forest Pharmaceuticals; GlaxoSmithKline; Janssen Pharmaceutica; National Institute of Mental Health, Neuronetics; Northwestern University; Novartis; and Pfizer.

Dr Gutierrez has received financial support for clinical research from Eli Lilly and GlaxoSmithKline pharmaceutical companies.

Dr Husain has received research support from NIMH, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Cyberonics, and Magstim Company. Dr Husain serves on the Speakers Bureau for AstraZeneca, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, and Abbott Labs.

Dr Krystal has received patent royalties to Duke University from the MECTA Corp; research support from NIH, Sanofi-Aventis, Cephalon, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Neurocrine, Pfizer, Sepracor, Somaxon, Takeda, Transcept, Respironics, Evotec, Astellas; consulting fees from Actelion, Arena, Astellas, Axiom, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cephalon, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Jazz, Johnson and Johnson, King, Merck, Neurocrine, Neurogen, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Respironics, Sanofi-Aventis, Sepracor, Somaxon, Takeda, Transcept, Astellas, Research Triangle Institute; and Speakers Bureau fees from Sleep Medicine Education Institute, Sepracor, and Sanofi-Aventis.

Dr Lisanby has received research support from Magstim Company, Neuronetics, Cyberonics, NIH, AFAR, NARSAD, Stanley Medical Research Foundation, DARPA, NYSTAR, Advanced Neuromodulation Systems; serves as chair of the DSMB for Northstar Neuroscience; has receive speakers honoraria from Magstim (past), Cyberonics (past), and the Kinetics Foundation (past); served as a member of the Defense Sciences Study Group (supported by DARPA and the Institute for Defense Analysis); and serves on an NIH Study Section. Columbia University has filed a patent application for novel TMS technology developed in Dr Lisanby's laboratory, not the device presented here.

Dr Maixner has received compensation for Speakers Bureau consultation from Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, AstraZeneca, and Cyberonics.

Dr Marangell has received grant/research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Cyberonics, Neuronetics, Stanley Foundation, Aspect Medical Systems, and Sanofi-Aventis. She has received consultant/honoraria fees from Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Cyberonics, Pfizer, Medtronic, Forest, Aspect Medical Systems, and Novartis.

Dr Richelson has served as a consultant for Janssen, Eli Lilly, Takeda, Lundbeck, and Somaxon; and received grant/research support from Janssen and Neuronetics.

Dr Sackeim has received compensation from Cyberonics, Eli Lilly, Mecta, Magstim, Neuronetics, Novartis, NeuroPace, and Pfizer. He serves as a consultant to Cyberonics, MECTA, and Neuronetics.

Cite this article

Lisanby, S., Husain, M., Rosenquist, P. et al. Daily Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Acute Treatment of Major Depression: Clinical Predictors of Outcome in a Multisite, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Neuropsychopharmacol 34, 522–534 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2008.118

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• Received: 28 December 2007

• Revised: 03 July 2008

• Accepted: 11 July 2008

• Published: 13 August 2008

• Issue date: January 2009

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2008.118

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